Station construction



Dec. 30, 1930. A. M 'RossMAN STATION CONSTRUCTION Filed De 31 1927 Dec. 30, 1930. l A. M. RossMAN 1,787,053

STATION CONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. 51. 1927 14 Sheets-Sheet 2 Dec. 30, 1930. A M RQSSMAN 1,787,053

STATION CONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. 3l,- 1927 14 Sheets-Sheet 5 A. M. RossMAN 1,787,053

STATION CONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. 51, 1927 14 Sheets-Sheet 4 Dec. 30, 1930.

Dec. 30, 1930. A. M. RossMAN 1,787,053

STATION CONSTRUCTION l Filed Deo. '31. 1927 14 sheets-sheet 5 Dec. 30, 1930. A. M. RossMAN STATION CONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. 31, 1927 14 Sheets-Sheet 6 B/VYR' DI? YI Dec. 30, 1930.

A. M. RossMAN STATION CONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. 31,v 1927 14 Sheets-Sheet 7 taf/Y rr Dec-,301, 1930. A. M. Rossmu` 1,787,053

Y STATION CONSTRUCTION l Filed nec. 51, 1927 14 shee't's-sneet a www.

Dec. 30, 1930.

Filed Dec. l51, `19:27

A. MQ RossMAN STATION CONSTRUCTION 14-*sheets-sneet 9 Dec. 30, 1930. A. M. RossMAN STATION CONSTRUCTION Filed Deo. 5l, 192'? 14 Sheets-Sheet 10 A. M. ROSSMAN STATION CONSTRUCTION Dec. 3o, 1930.

Filed Dec. 5l, 1927 14 Sheets-Sheet 1l QZ@ fa Dec. 30, 1930. A. M. RossMAN STATION CONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. 51, 1927 14 Sheets-Sheet 12 @T12/0677 @4711671 M Rosman MMM Dec. 30, 1930. l A. M. RossMAN v 1,787,053

STATION CONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. '31, 1927 msnen-snaai 1s Dec. 30, 1930. A. M. RossMAN STATION CONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. (51, 1927 m. MK

Patented Dec. 30, 1930.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE ALLEN M. ROSSMAN, OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, ASSIGNOR, BY'MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, TO BOSSMAN PATENTS, INCORPORATED, F CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, A CORPORATION 0F ILLINOIS STATION CONSTRUCTION Application led December 31, 1927. Serial No. 243,908.

My invention relates to electric power distribution and more particularly to-the con struction of a station of the outdoor type, often termed a switch yard.

The purpose of a switch yard is to provide the necessary interconnection of a power supply line with a number of distribution lines or feeders which distribute or transmit the current to the points of low voltage transformation and distribution.

According to present known practice, electric current is generated in a suitably located generating station and at a voltage lower than is desirable for transmission to remote distribution centers. The voltage is then stepped up for transmission to remote points and at such remote distribution points often termed sub-stations, or at the premises of a large user, the current is stepped down to a suitable value for local distribution and use.

The theory back of this scheme is the quan- 'tity production of electricity under what may well be termedl ideal factory conditions, and transportation to the consumer under conditions making for minimum expense of such service. y

The switch yard or switch house when the apparatus -is under cover, is the connecting and protective link between generation and transmission. The switch house or switch yard, which generally includes the transformers7 has the duty of stepping up the voltage from the generating tothe transmission voltage and providing the necessary interconnecting protective and measuring mechanism required for subdividing the power at the transmission voltage among the various feeders that convey it to the step down local distribution centers.

The switching andprotective apparatus is on the high tension side because of the advisability of employing only one set of step up transformers in the interest of economy v of space and investment and efficiency of apparatus.

The requirements or general functions of a switch yard include the following (1) The switch yard must provide suitable interconnection and disconnection between the power supply (secondary of the transnot tie up the entire'yard. It is desirable to provide more than one path of connection so that inspection and repair may conveniently be made.

(3) The copper, i. e., the conducting parts, must be suitably supported on a framework, preferably made of structural steel to provide the necessary mechanical support. The conductors are supported above the ground in a suitable overhead position by this framework in the interest of safety and economy. Proper clearance about live parts must be maintained. I

(4) `The copper must be insulated from the frame by insulators suiiiciently strong mechanically and electrically. y (5) All parts including conductors and pieces of apparatus should be accessible and readily rendered safe for workmen and at-l tendants to perform their necessary duties.

(6) Safety devices must be so embodied in the circuits as'to meet the contingencies incidental to operation. Heretofore, the design of each yard has been considered as a special individual problem7 much like the building of a residence, and when the yard is designed it is an integral design or device to which it is ditlicult to make any additions, or in which any change largely affects the entire layout. Such design does not lend itself readily to adoption for another yard unless the conditions are identical in all respects.

I have for some time realized the desirability of so dlsposing the frame, the conductors,

insulators, and other apparatus, as to permit the normal functions to be embodied and at the same time provide a general solut1on,1. e., certain unit constructions which can be embodied as required in varying capacities.

lines may be taken care of by the. addition of unit constructions of a standard character.

In carrying this idea into practice., I have found it possible to produce a standard type of structure which, with differences indimensions only (because of voltage dilferences) may be employed for all voltages up to a point where the weight of some of the `apparatus requires separate mounting.

At that point with a slight variation iu the design to provide such separate mounting, the voltage may be increased indefinitely and the only changes in the design are again in the dimensions corresponding to voltage. It will be appreciated at once by those skilled in the art that this facilitates construction, shortens the time of construction and lowers costs.

My invention provides a structure which makes it possible to do this. I provide a switch yard construction having a symmetrical and balanced relation between the steel structure and the conductors and apparatus. This permits of even spacing and a better balance of stresses. -Sections may be added or left o to increase or decrease the capacity of the yard desired. The mechanical and electrical stresses are distributed more evenly and with regard to the employment of a minimum of material.

The arrangement of the conductors of the lines and of the busses provides greater safety for workmen and is better adapted to normal operation.

The design permits the stocking of the steel frame elements and electrical elements so that construction is facilitated and cheapened. More uniform workmanship can be secured where stations of similar construction are repeatedly erected. Man of the operations or assemblies may be madie in the factory or mill instead of by field assembly.

In the station of my inventionthere is a novel disposition of the conductors with re.f spect to each other and to the frame and of the circuit breakers with respect to the frame and to the conductors.

In the yard of my invention, I provide a generally rectangular frame supported on suitable posts or columns. The frame contains at least three groups of conductors, namely,

(l) rlhe incoming power conductors v:from the transformer;

(2) The outgoing conductors which parallel the incoming conductors;

(3) Bus conductors transverse to the incoming and outgoing conductors and connectible to them. There may be several parallel sets of bus conductors, as for example, a main bus and a transfer bus or a plurality of each.

The frame is preferably made of box girder columns connected by beams or box girders, and it may be provided with additional frame members providing support for the interconas fuses, disconnects, etc.

The incoming power conductors and the outgoing line conductors are preferably disposed in the same plane below the plane of the bus conductors. lt is therefore possible for a workman to make repairs or adjustment on the line conductors without being compelled to pass up through the live bus conductors or to have such live conductors between him and the ground.

The circuit breakers for making or breaking the connection between said various conductors are disposed in rows parallel to the power and the lineconductors. They have their terminals disposed in planes in common with the bus conductors to which they are connected. This provides a symmetrical arrangement adapted to extension of the capacity of the station and to a better utilization of the space occupied.

The lines may be taken oli in either of two directions, or both, as convenience may dictate.

Now i-norder to acquaint those skilled in the art with the manner of constructing and operating a'device embodying my invention, I'shall describe in connectlon with the accompanying drawings, a specific embodiment of the same.

In the drawings Fig. 1 is a simplified line diagram illustrating the theory upon which my invention proceeds;

Fig. ,2 is a similar diagram illustrating the theory of the disposition of the switches;

Fig.` 3 is a side elevational view of a yard embodying my invention;

Fig. 4 is a section taken on the line 4 1 of Fig. 3;

Fig. 5 illustrates a side elevational view of a yard for lower voltage than that shown in Figs. 3 and 4;

Fig. 6 is a plan view of a diagrammatic layout of a yard embodying my invention, the proportions being shown as for a voltage of 132 k. v.;

Fig. 7 `is a cross section taken on the line 7-7 of Fig. 6: 'y

Fig. 8 is an elevational view taken on the line 8 8 ofFig. 6;

Fig. 9 is a view partly in side elevation and partly in section as indicated on the line 9-9 of Fig. 6;

Fig. 10 is a fragmentary sectional view taken on the line 10-10 of Fig. 6;

Fig. 11 is a plan view of a station coinprising a 33 k. v. switch yard now installed in Michigan City, Indiana Fig. 12 is a sectional view of the same, taken on the line 12-12 of Fig. l1;

Fig. 13 is a partial elevational view taken on the line 13-13 of Fig. 11;

Fig. 14 is a longitudinal elevation as viewed on the line 14--14 of Fig. l1;

Fig. 15 is a lono'itudinal section taken on the 1in@I 15-*15 of fig. 11;

Fig. 16 is a longitudinal partial section taken'on the line 16-16 of Fig. 11;

Fig. 17 is a line diagram of connections of the embodiment of Figs. 11 to 16, inclusive;

Fig. 18 is an inverted post-type insulator;

Fig. 19 is a'n upright post-type insulator;

Fig. 20 is a detail showing the typical method of mounting disconnect switch bases or insulator bases to H-beams. v

Fig. 21 is a similar` showing of atypical method of mounting disconnect switch bases or insulator bases to channel girders;

Fig. 22 is an isometric view of a transformer hay showing the mounting and connections of a single phase conductor in the framework; and

Fig. 23 is a similar view of a feeder bay.

Referring first to the diagram of Fig. 1, I have shown three groups of phase conductors in a common plane, namely, the groups 1, 2 and 3, and above them in a parallel plane the bus phase conductors 4 and 6. It is to be understood that the conductors herein shown and described are phase conductors of a three phase system.

The group 4 constitutes the main cross connecting conductors to unite the feeder group v1 to the line groups 2 and 3, the said line groups 2 and 3 leading olf to remote points through suitable transmission lines or cables or the like. The power supply conductors l are connected to the secondary side of the transformer 5, the primary side of which is connected to a suitable generator or the like, either adjacent to the connections shown in Fig. 1 or remote therefrom.

' I have conceived the possibility of utilizing the general scheme shown in Fig. l in building up a switch yard structure which, in addition to having certain inherent advantages of ease of construction, safety of operation, lends itself t0 universal use for substantially all sizes of sta-tions.

The conductors in the group 1 are live so long as power is upon the system shown in Fig. l, except, of course, as they may be coinpletely disconnected from the transformer and, hence, the'entire station is dead. This group of conductors 1 is therefore subject to the greatest proportion of continued usage.

The group 4 is then next in importance ofA service, since the transmission of power from the power supply busses 1 occurs through the conductors 4 to reach the lines 2, 3 and so forthin the station.

It is on the lines that the greatest likelihool of incidental or accidental damage oc curs and, hence, these lines, such as 2, 3 are subject to being taken out of service for inspection and repair vto a greater extent than the bus conductors 4 or the power supply conductors 1.

By arranging the/bus conductors 4 above .the line conductors 2 and 3, it will bev seen at` 'once that the line conductors, 2, 3 may be easily reached for service inspection Without the Workmen or attendants being com elled to pass through or over a live net work).

It can be seen that by extending vthe bus conductors 4 substantially any number of lines may be connected.. Likewise, if it is desired to take the bus, conductors 4 o ut of service, another group of bus conductors 6 may be arranged' in the same relation as the onductors 4 to act as a spare or auxiliary us. i

Now, in practice, the necessary protective switching and measuring apparatus must be installed in the connections in such a way as to permit connection of the lines through either bus 4 or 6 to the power supply conductors 1 anddisconnection therefrom; also, that the power supply conductors 1 shall be connectible to and from the secondary of the transformer 5 in order to perform the usual functions of a station of this character.

For obvious reasons, it is desirable to support the heavy apparatus on bases or foundations on the ground whereas, the conductors are preferably supported overhead for the purpose of safety and to save space, and also` to raise the live conductors to a point from' which the span to overhead transmis` sion towers or poles may easily be accomplished.

'In the diagram of Fig. 2 I have shown substantially the same group of connections, but have, in addition, indicated the manner 0f making the connections between the busses, such as 4 or 6, and the line phase conductors, such as 2 or 3. I also show the manner of connecting the' transformer to the main and auxiliary busses. In this case the three single phase transformers 5A, 5B and 5C are connected to the star bus conductor 37 and to the transformer connecting busses 38A, 38B and 38C in a star or Y net work. Transformer bus conductors 8 which are suitably connected to the transformer connecting busses 38 arepreferably disposed on the same level as line conductors 2 and 3, that is, below the main and auxiliary busses, such as 4 and 6. Now, to connect the transformer busses 8 to the main bus 4, oil switches or circuit breakers, such as 9A, are mounted on suitable foundations or pedestals on the ground and connected through suitable disconnecting switches such as are indicated at 10, and suitable vertically extending conductors to connect, for example, bus conductor for phase A through the circuit breaker 9A to the main bus conductor 4A of the main bus 4.

In like manner the circuit breaker 12A,

with the disconnect 10 in series therewith, is adapted to connect the bus phase conductor 8A with the auxiliary bus phase conductor 6A through suitable vertically .extending connections.

For the connection of the bus phase conductors to the line phase conductors, foi` example, to connect the line phase conductor 2A to its corresponding main bus phase conductor 4A, I provide the oil circuit breaker 13A connected through suitable disconnect switches 10 and vertically disposed conductors, to make connection between said line phase conductor 2A and the corresponding main bus phase conductor 4A. In similar manner, the other phase conduotprs, such as 2B and 2C, may be connected to corresponding main bus phase conductors 4B, 4C through connections and switches (not shown, but which would correspond to .the circuit breaker 13B and its corresponding disconnects) In like manner, connection may be made from the auxiliary bus phase conductor 6A to the line phase -conductor 2A through a circuit breaker 14A, suitable disconnects such as 10, and vertically extending connections. And, likewise, the other phase conductors of the line may be connected to the bus through like circuit breakers and disconnects.

Now" it can be seen that with the conductors disposed as I have indicated in Fig. 2, the apparatus, such as the circuit breakers, begins to lend itself to an orderly treatment and compact and convenient disposition new in the art.

It will be appreciated that each line having its proper phase conductors may be connected to either the main or to the auxiliary bus conductors through suitable circuit breakers and disconnects which, for the sake of clearness, I have not shown, but which will be clear from the disposition of the circuit breakers 13A and 14A with their disconnects.

In the case of thc lower voltages, the disconnects lnay be disposed in the vertical connections, whereas, for higher voltages when the disconnect switches becomel more cunibersome and heavy they are preferably mounted on foundations alongside of the circuit breakers.l

Now, in order toexplain the system of my invention more in detail, I refer to a more or less diagrammatic embodiment of Figs. 3 and 4 wherein I show substantially to scale the proportions for a 66 k. v. yard.

The structural elements comprise a series of columns, of which the side elevation shows the members 15 16, 17, 18 and 19.

The columns such as 15, 16, 17 and 18 are connected together at their tops by longitudinal and transverse beams, the longitudinal frame members or 'beamsV 20 being shown in Figure 3 and the transverse beams or frame members 21 being shown in Figure 4. The beams and 21 thus form an open rectangnlar frame, upon which are superimposed groups of insulators such as 23, 24

and 25 to support the transformer connection bus conductors 38 and 37 and the bus phase conductors such as 4 and 6.

The transformer connecting bus conductors 37 and38 are connected on the high tension side of the transformer bank 5, the bus conductor 37 serving as above explained in connection with Fig.-2, to form the central or star connection.

The connection from the transformer bank 5 to the transformer connecting bus conductors 37 and 38 is made through conductors such as 26 which exten-d upward from'the terminals of the transformer bank 5 and are supported by insulators such as 27 where the conductors take a horizontal run and then a vertical i'un to connect to the transformer connecting bus conductors 38 on the insulators 23.

Connections then run from the transformer connecting bus conductors 38 through t-he conductors 28 supported on suitable insulators, such as 29, supported on channel supports between the columns or posts 16, 16 down to a point where the potential transformer 30 and the current transformer 31 arc mounted on a suitable base or pedestal 32. From thence the conductors extend through portions 34 to the transformer bus con-ductors, such as 8, these conductors being supported on suitable insulators, such as 33, de-

pending from the overhead frame 2021.

The bus phase conductors 8 are connected to the main bus conductors 4 through the circuit breakers 9 through the disconnects 10, as will be more apparent from Fig. 4. The opposite terminals of the circuit breakers 9 are connected, likewise, to disconnects 10 disposed in the conductors 35.v

The disconnects 10 are mounted upon horizontally extending frame members 39-39 which extend, for example, between the posts 16,17 and 18, providing thereby suitable suporting means for the disconnects. Thus, y disposing the circuit breakers 9 in line with the posts, such as 16, 17, and 18, and

then running the beams, such as 239-39, be-

tween the same posts above the circuit breakers, a unitary construction of unusual simplicity and compactness is secured.

The auxiliary bus conductors 6-6 may, likewise, be connected to the'transformer bus conductors 8 8 as by the circuit breakers 12 with the interposed disconnects l() likewise mounted on the horizontally extending bars or frame members 39.

The individual lines, such for example as the line having' the conductors 2 2, are connected to the main bus 4, as for example by the bank of circuit breakers 13, similarly disposed in line with a row of posts like the posts 16, 17 and 18, but directly back of the same, as viewed in Fig. 3, by a suitable distance, which distance is controlled by the voltage. Thus, the line conductors 2--2 areconnected through the disconnects 10 and conductor 41 to the circuit breakers 13, then through a conductor such as 42 through thedisconnects 10 to the main bus 4. Thus, it can 'be seen that the ower comes in on the conductors 8, extendls): downthrough the disconnects 10, circuit breakers 9, up through conductors to on insulators 44 to connect to the current transformer :45 and potential transformer 46 through disconnects, such as 47, and up ward by conductor 48, terminating at its upper end between two suspension insulators 49 connected to the upper frame 20-21, then extending by conductor 50 to one terminal of 'disconnectswitch 52, and then up by con- .ductor '53 to the overhead wires 54, 'which are connected to the suspension insulators 49.

The opposite terminal of the disconnect switch 52 extends to ground through a suitable lightning arrester, such as 55.

Now the advantages of my invention-will begin to be apparent. The number of ,lines that may be served by the station or yard shown in Figs. 3 and 4, is limited only by the extension of the frame work in a direction normal to the plane of the paper in Fig. 3. That is to say, assume that only the main bus 4 and the auxiliary bus 6 are to be employed as busses, to which lines may be connected, any number of bays to provide addi tionaly lines may be added, as, for example, by extending the frame and the columns to the left as viewed in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4 there is shown the bay for the transformer busses 8 at the right and a bay for the line 2 at the left. The number of lines to be served determines the number of additional bays like the one atthe left in Fig. 4, and such bays are added merely by extending the frame and necessary conductors and apparatus in successive bays added atthe side of Fig. 4.

Also, it will be apparent that the lines need not all extend out at the right, as viewed in Fig. 3, but they might extend out to the left as viewed in Fig. 3, since the transformer connecting busses 37 need only extend alongfar enough to include the three or four trans formerswhich are stationed at the left of the yard as viewed in Fig. 3.

Attention is called to the fact that the space to be occupied by each unit construction depends upon the clearances demanded by the voltage.

Attention is called, for example, to Fig. 4 where the disconnects at the central part of the figure are shown in dotted lines. This indicates the clearance which prevails when the disconnects are opened. It is to be understood, of course, that the disconnects are opened only after the circuit breakers 9 or 13 vhave been operated to interrupt the iow of current.

In the yard shown in Figs. 3 and 4, atransformer bank is connected to the low tension busses 57 which are supported on insulators 58 on a frame 59 supported between the posts 15 and 16.v The busses 57 are connected to the phase conductors 60 extending out of the pot head 61 at the terminal of the cable 62 which extends up through a suitable conduit 63 running'from the generating station or other suitable point of power supply.

In low tension installations, the connections may be somewhat simplified, as shown, for example, in Fig. 5, which illustrates certain of the elements of a switch yard operating on a otential of 13.2 k. v. In this case, the trans ormer bank` 65 is connected directly to the cable without the intermediary of low tensionbusses, the cable and pot head 66 in this case being in line with the row ofcol! umns 67. The transformer bus conductors `8 are supported below the frame members 2O on lthe lnsulatolrs 33 and connected directly to the high tension side of the transformer '65. T he'main bus conductors 4 are mounted transversely across the top of the upper frame 2021 and the transformer bus 8 andthe line conductors, such as there may be, are mount-,4 ed on lnsulators, such as 33, belowthe frame member 20. Connections are made, for ex- .'ample, Vbetween the transformer bus conductors 8 and the main bus conductors 4 by the vertical connecting conductors 7 0 extending through suitable disconnects 10 mounted on the longitudinal frame members 39 to the .circuit breakers 72. These circuit breakers, in banks of three, are preferably operated by common operating mechanism, indicated by the reference numeral 73 on Fig. 5. i

Preferably, all of the circuit breakers arethus operated in unison for each three phase run ofl conductors.

In a like manner, the connection between the transformer bus conductors 8 and the auxiliary bus conductors 6 is made in a similar manner through the circuit breakw ers 74. In this case the circuit breaker 72 is shown as of the size and proportions manufactured by one manufacturer, and the circuit breakers 74 that of the size and proportlons manufactured by another manufacturer for the `given voltage, namely, 13.2 k. v. l

From this it will be seen that within the limits of apparatusy now on the market either form. of Acircuitbreaker is equally applicable, since, in each case, overhead room is ample, considering the voltage, and the space devoted to the circuit breakers 1s ample to house the required apparatus.

It will be observed that between rows of columns, such as 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19, there are clear isles which may be traversed by workmen and attendants, these isles running longitudinally of the line circuits.

While I have shown open frame construction includin the row of posts 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19, it is apparent that no fundamental change would be made by forming a solid or substantially solid wall, with the exec tion of the space devoted to the circuit brealiers which would then lie in openings in the wall or below the solid portion 'of lthe wall.

' top frame member.

Now, in order to lillustrate a typical embodiment of my invention, I shall describe, in connection with Figs.. 11 to 23, inclusive, the 33 k. v. switch yard at the Michigan City substation of the Northern Indiana Public Service Company at Gary, Indiana. In this yard there are illustrated two outgoing lines, a main and a transfer bus, Vor auxiliary bus, and a transformer bus. In this particular switch yard, the main transformer bank is not shown. It .may be located either at the switch yard or at some point adjacent the station. Auxiliary transormers are shown, and .they are fed by an underground cable which is switched into service in case of need.

The steel bframework is made up of structural shapes which may be carried in stock for the construction of stations of this character, independent of the capacity or the number of lines served, since the structure is essentially made up of similar units for any capacity of stations on a given voltage.

As viewed in plan on Fig. 11, there are three longitudinal bays below the top frame member and two transverse bays above the The longitudinal bays are devoted to the transformer busses and to the line, whereas, the upper transverse bays are devoted to the main and transfer busses. The frame comprises a series of vertical columns, which I have numbered from 81 to 92, respectively, for the main part of the frame, and a series of shorter columns, 93 to 96, inclusive, for the shorter columns, at the bottom of Fig. 11.

The posts 81 to 84 are connected by transverse beams 97 lying in line with the "tops of the posts 81 to 84. Likewise, the posts 85 to 88 are connected by similar transverse frame members 98. The series of posts 89 to 92 are connected by a heavier transverse frame member 99, which, in the present case, consists of two channel bars placed back to back, whereas, the transverse beams 97 and 98 consist only of single I-beams.

In like manner, the row of posts 81, 85 and 89 in the-longitudinal direction are connected by I-beams 100. yThe row of posts 82, 86 and 90 are connected by I-beams 101.

The row of posts 83, 87 and 91 are connected by I-beams 102. The row of posts 84, 88 and 92 are connected by I-beams 103. These longitudinal and transverse frame members, where they join the posts, are connected together and to the tops of the posts or co1- umns by suitable gusset plates, as is well understood by those skilled in the art.

To support the longitudinal transformer and line conductors, a series of light lon itudinal beams are connected between t e beams 97, 98' and 99 in the three bays above referred to. The beams in bay I are numbered 104, and the beams in bay II are numbered 105, and the beams in bay III are numbered 106.

This frame, so far described, supports the hne and bus conductors as will be explained more 1n detail later.

The posts are further connected for reenforcing purposes by bracing, members.

Referrlng to Fig. 11 it will be seen that the hnes are led off lon ritudinally as from the bottom of Fig. 11. ence, the ull of these conductors would tend to bend t e posts and dlstort the frame. This, however, is prevented by suitable diagonal members. By reference to Fig. 15, it will be seen that posts 82, 86 and 90 are connected by diagonal thrust and tension members and 111, top and bottom chord members being provided by the upper frame members comprising the I-beams 101 and the channel members.112 at the bottom.

Transverse diagonal bracing is provided by/ similar lattice beams comprising the diagonal members 113 and 114 with top and bottom chord members 115 and 116. In a similar manner there is such a lattice work beam extending between posts 89, 90, 91

and 92 comprising the top and bottom chord members 117 and 118 connected by diagonals 121 and 122 lying below the beam member 99. Also, in a similar manner there is a similar lattice beam comprising the upper and lower chord members 119 and 120, shown in section 1n Flg. 15, connected also by d'iagonals (not shown) From the above it can be seen that the posts are thus connected into a solid frame which has suitable rectangular and diagonal bracing to withstand not only the pull of line conductors, but all normal forces which might be brought to bear upon the same.

Quite obviously, the line conductors might be led out longitudinally either way without I;

departing from the invention.

There are, in addition to the above frame members, longitudinally extending channel bars or other frame members for supporting the disconnect switches, and these will now 

